War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy | Summary, Review, & Study Notes
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy Book Review, Summary, & Study Notes.
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy Book Review, Summary, & Study Notes.
"War and Peace" is a vast epic centered on Napoleon's war with Russia. While it expresses Tolstoy's view that history is an inexorable process that man cannot influence, he writes his great novel with a cast of over five hundred characters.
At a glittering society party in St. Petersburg in 1805, conversations are dominated by the prospect of war.
Terror swiftly engulfs the country as Napoleon's army marches on Russia, and the lives of three young people are changed forever.
The stories of quixotic Pierre, cynical Andrey, and impetuous Natasha interweave with a huge cast, from aristocrats and peasants to soldiers and Napoleon himself.
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Book: War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
- Author: Leo Tolstoy
- Publisher: Penguin Classics
- Translator: Anthony Briggs Publication
- Pages: 1440
- Binding: Paperback
- Series: Penguin Classics
About the Author: Leo Tolstoy (War and Peace)
Count Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, in Yasnaya Polyana, Russia. Orphaned at nine, he was brought up by an elderly aunt and educated by French tutors until he matriculated at Kazan University in 1844.
In 1847, he gave up his studies and, after several aimless years, volunteered for military duty, serving as a junior officer in the Crimean War before retiring in 1857.
In 1862, Tolstoy married Sophie Behrs, a marriage that was to become, for him, bitterly unhappy.
His diary started in 1847, was used for self-study and self-criticism; it served as the source from which he drew much of the material that appeared not only in his great novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877) but also in his shorter works.
Seeking religious justification for his life, Tolstoy evolved a new Christianity based on his own interpretation of the Gospels. Yasnaya Polyana became a mecca for his many converts.
At the age of eighty-two, the writer's health failed him in Astapovo, Russia, where he died on November 20, 1910.
Antony Briggs has translated widely from Russian, especially Pushkin, and is the author of several critical books on Russian literature.
Orlando Figes is the author of A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924, and, most recently, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia.
Excerpts from the original text: War and Peace
When we do not understand the cause of an act (whether it is a crime or a good act, or an act that does not matter whether it is good or evil), we think that this kind of activity has the greatest free component. If what we see is a crime, we are anxious to punish it. If we see good deeds, we appreciate it. If what we see is an act that does not care about good or evil, we consider it the most unique and free. But if we know one of the countless reasons, we will see a certain degree of necessity. We will not insist on punishing crimes so much, appreciate good deeds so much, and feel so free about seemingly unique behaviors.—— Quoting from page 1228
Pierre's madness is that he doesn't have to find personal merits in people to love them like in the past. Now his heart is full of love. He loves people for no reason, and he can always find a reason to be loved.—— Quoted from page 1145
War and Peace Book Summary
1. When I finally put "War and Peace" into the file I have read, I found that I read it in March when I read this book. But to be precise, I read the first and second volumes plus one to five volumes of Harry Potter. But in general. I feel like I've only read one book in three months. Those Harry Potters, it's like swallowing a lot of McDonald's in your stomach, they're stuck there, and you feel like you haven't eaten anything.
2. "War and Peace" is too huge, so I have to write down the reading notes one by one. Otherwise, I worry that I will confuse myself first. But even so, it's just a few words in twos and threes, that's all.
3. "Pfuel is one of those hopelessly self-confident, unchanging, martyred people who can only be Germans, because only Germans rely on an abstract idea—science, that is, on imagination. This self-confidence is due to a knowledge of the perfect truth. The Frenchman is confident because he believes that he himself has an irresistible and charming power, whether intellectual or physical, whether for men or women. The British are very Confident, on the grounds that he is a citizen of the most well-organized country in the world, that an Englishman always knows what he has to do, and that everything he does as an Englishman is unquestionably right. Italians The reason why he is confident is that he is always impassioned and generous, and easily forgets himself and others. The Russian is confident because he knows nothing and is unwilling to know because he does not believe that there is anything that can be fully known.”
4. I think It was in the middle of the night when I wrote this passage, I laughed out loud while lying on the bed, especially the sentence about the Russians, but after reading the entire book, I realized that Uncle Tolstoy was not humorously self-deprecating, he was serious of. Such two books with more than a thousand pages contain a lot of content, which can be interpreted from various angles. But the main thing, the main thing he wants to tell us is that we don't know anything.
5. History is actually much better than reading novels. I wanted to take Kafka's "The Castle" as an example, but it seemed difficult to explain clearly in one sentence or two, after reading "War and Peace", it was very clear, the difference is The reason is that a historian will never tell you, and will never admit that, in fact, they don't know anything. What they are good at is putting what they know in front of you to prove that they know everything.
6. it turns out that I don’t like reading history because of this. I always thought there was something wrong with me. I like anthropology, psychology, and very messy things, but I just don’t like history. I really don’t like it. Tried to like it, but failed. Seeing Tolstoy slandering modern historians, I realized that history is a good thing, but what I have always disliked is that many historians pretend to be prophets and ghosts while buried in piles of old papers. That set. Just tell me what happened, don't tell me what they explained, but these so-called "things that happened" are also artificially revised, after all, history is "written"
7. with the insignificance of human beings, what can we know? We always think that we have mastered this world, but this world has its own laws of development. The earth is like this, and so is the development of all things in the world. In war, so many countries fight together, one group of people fights from west to east today, and another group of people fights from east to west tomorrow. Why is this? The historians say they know why, because Napoleon caught a cold, because Alexander and Napoleon quarreled, etc... Tolstoy said he didn't know, and the historians couldn't really know. Saying you know is all nonsense. This discussion is very complicated. For details, see - "War and Peace"
8. if you set too many goals in life, it is hard to say how much you will achieve, because even your personal life sometimes does not develop according to your plan. Very careful, the small picture is very detailed, but when the time comes, the troops don't know how to mess it up. Looking at the field diary of the Chinese boy who fought in Iraq, the Air Force promised to blow up a sugar factory. With an order, the countdown began. Everyone cheered and dispersed for 500 meters. The boy was careful and retreated 1,000 meters. Sure enough, when a few bombs fell, there was a cloud of smoke, all the surrounding buildings collapsed, and the sugar factory did not move at all.
9. Master Tolstoy actually wants us to know, don’t compete with these things, the world is very big, and people must learn to follow the trend. Just do whatever you want.
10. My favorite character in the whole book is not the protagonist, but Mr. Kutuzov and that bastard Dolokhov. What a perverted combination. When I read the last few chapters, the part where Tolstoy justified Kutuzov, I thought, if I were a person like Kutuzov, I would probably have such a result, so should I do it?
11. Pierre is a big animal. He will eventually reach the state of Kutuzov and become a great man who is unknown or even misunderstood. The part where Prince Andrei dies is much clearer when he reads the book than when he watches the TV series. Yes, he is not dead, he is awake, so I didn't cry, I hope I can die and wake up like this in the future. Pierre represents a possibility for individuals to get out of the spiritual predicament alive and walk on the road to complete happiness, but this kind of happiness needs to go through a lot of suffering and give up those unnecessary struggles. Moreover, it must be admitted that not everyone can have such a blessing. Pierre, first of all, is a nobleman. To a certain extent, he has the priority of pursuing a spiritual way out. Ordinary people often spend a lot of energy on solving the bread problem first. a disturbing one. On the other hand, it can also be understood that nobles are also human beings, and no matter how rich they are, they also have their own mental difficulties. This is the case for Andre, and it is the same for Pierre. past.
12. I forgot who said it, all literary and art masters are translators, they do not create, they just listen and translate the voice of God to human beings. In my understanding, this god has its own representatives in various religions, such as God, Prophet, and Allah, but I am a person without religious belief, so I understand it as the natural development of everything Law and the forces that drive it forward. It is not an image of a specific god, but I believe it exists.
13. whatever that power is, it is not human. People are small, we have to learn to respect them, not control them. In this world, there is no dramatic thing at all. The so-called drama is a man-made word. Everything that happens is reasonable and reasonable. Historians have to explain it and make it serve a certain purpose. If some kind of experience is used to classify it, the result will be full of contradictions, and those that cannot be explained are said to be dramatic. But he refused to admit that he was ignorant.
14. The reason why the Russian is confident is that he knows nothing and he does not want to know.
15. this is indeed a book that should be read in life, but it depends on whose life it is. Some human beings are complacent about what they know all their lives, and they will never understand what this book is about. What is it about? They'll never be able to empty their minds and dump the little they know.
16. Tolstoy is so cool.
War and Peace Book Review
"War and Peace": the heroic hymn of anti-heroism
In June 1812, the French emperor Napoleon led an army of 600,000 to cross the Neman River and fought an undeclared war against Russia.
This army, which has never failed, once captured Moscow, the heart of Russia, with an advantage of three times the number of the Russian army.
However, only half a year after the war, Napoleon withdrew from Russia with only 30,000 remaining soldiers.
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| Andrei Paulkansky |
This famous Russian-French War was also proudly called the "Patriotic War" by the Russians. Half a century later, Leo Tolstoy spent six years with this battle as the background to write a million-character masterpiece "War and Peace", which was praised by countless people as "the greatest in world literature." work".
Tolstoy said frankly that he originally planned to write only a few stories about aristocratic families experiencing war, and unknowingly, he devoted nearly half of the space to detailed descriptions of the major battles from 1805 to 1812.
Obviously, the main reason is that most of the four great clans in the book directly participated in historical events. In the treacherous changes of the times, the fate of the family and the country must be inseparable from personal growth.
In addition to direct descriptions of wars, Tolstoy also spent a lot of pen and ink expounding his views on wars, power, and historical processes. Contrary to what most people think, he believes that the forces that influence the course of history are not dominated by those great historical figures.
Whether it was Tsar Alexander, Caesar, or Napoleon, they were all puppets of history, driven by an irresistible force. Tolstoy even stated clearly:
"The commander-in-chief is only a tool of history, a slave to the master."
This deviant anti-hero view of history not only determines the emotions and thoughts of the characters in the book but also has a profound impact on their destiny. How did all this happen and develop? This is the subject of this article.
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| Pierre Bezukhov |
1. Two very different lonely people
Like "Anna Karenina", "War and Peace" is also a two-line parallel story structure, with Pierre Bezukhov and Andre Paulkansky as the protagonists, telling the story of Paul The four aristocratic families of Erkansky, Bezukhov, Rostov, and Kulakin experienced the ups and downs from 1805 to 1812.
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| Pierre and Andre |
When he was still the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, he was marginalized; when he inherited a huge amount of property and title, he became the darling of the social world. He is generous by nature, he is not surprised, and he doesn't care about it at all.
Andre is not tall, handsome in appearance, indifferent and arrogant, deep and knowledgeable, and bored and bored with the entertainment that the upper class loves.
His father used to be a Russian field marshal and has always placed strict demands on him. Whether in the military or in politics, his future is bright.
As a brave and fearless soldier, he has repeatedly invited Ying to serve in the most intense battles.
At first glance, they have nothing in common. However, Pierre and André have always regarded each other as best friends.
As people who are incompatible with mainstream social values, they have one essential thing in common-they want to pursue spiritual peace and find the answer to the mystery of life and death.
This is not only the beautiful vision that Tolstoy expressed in many works but also the ultimate goal he himself strives for in reality throughout his life.
2. The disillusionment of heroic fantasy
After becoming the heir of the Bezukhov family, Pierre suddenly became the hottest unmarried wife in Moscow, and the wives and gentlemen were planning to marry their daughters to him.
In the end, Duke Vassily Kulagin used a trick to make Pierre confusedly marry his daughter Helen.
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| Pierre and Helen |
Unlike the married life Pierre envisioned, the well-known Helen was uneasy in the room, and often rumored with people, including his gracious friend Taurokhov.
After receiving the informant's letter, Pierre had to believe that his wife was cheating under his nose.
Unbearable Pierre separated from his wife and launched a duel with Taurokhov. He didn't even know how to fire the gun, so he was lucky enough to hit the opponent, and then he was overwhelmed by his kind nature, full of guilt that hurt his life.
For Pierre, a chicken feather in life can barely endure, and letting the idol of worship fall from the altar is a disaster.
As a young student studying abroad who recently returned to China, Pierre highly respected the famous Napoleon.
In the sensitive period before the war with France in 1805, Pierre took the world’s bad faith and publicly defended Napoleon on social occasions, claiming that Napoleon’s execution of his political opponents as a duke was out of national needs, and he was not afraid to deal with it alone. Taking responsibility is what makes him great.
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| Napoleon on the battlefield |
In Pierre's mind, he not only regarded Napoleon as the only person who knew about revolution but also regarded him as a person who transcended the revolution, because he stopped the excessive behavior in the revolution and kept all the good things, such as equality of civil rights and publication of speech.
Freedom and so on. He is also committed to safeguarding human rights and eliminating prejudice. In short, he is an unprecedentedly great leader.
In 1812, Napoleon led an army to go deep into the heart of Russia for two thousand versts. Pierre participated in the tragic battle of Borodino and witnessed the heinous crimes of the French army in the Burning City after the fall of Moscow. Napoleon's heroic fantasy was completely shattered.
In confusion and suffering, Pierre made up his mind to assassinate Napoleon. He concealed his identity, changed into a peasant's costume, and carried a dagger, ready to do it when Napoleon entered Moscow.
From Pierre's point of view, Napoleon changed from a great leader to a bastard villain, and he himself changed from a supporter of Napoleon to an assassin. It cannot be said that it was a great change in faith that was shaking.
However, when you think about it carefully, it happened to fall into the historical view of heroism criticized by Tolstoy—the former regarded Napoleon as the "great leader", and he attributed all the achievements of historical events to Napoleon; later, he regarded Napoleon as "Asshole villain", he blamed all the crimes of historical events on Napoleon, there is no essential difference between the two.
3. Thinking about life and death
When Pierre publicly defended Napoleon before, André was also there. He took the initiative to relieve Pierre who had attacked the group.
He believed that with regard to the actions of politicians, it should be distinguished which belonged to private actions and which belonged to the commander-in-chief or the emperor. Behavior should not be generalized.
Obviously, Andre did have some admiration for the distinguished Napoleon, and he also showed this in his later conversations with his father.
When the Battle of Austerlitz broke out in 1805, the French defeated the Russian-Austrian forces. Andrei was originally an adjutant to Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov, so he didn't have to participate in the fight.
However, when he saw the flag bearer's death, the flag that symbolized the dignity of the army fell to the ground, he bravely carried the flag and called on the defeated and defective soldiers to return to the battlefield. At this moment, the sharp blade of the French army stabbed him.
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| Napoleon saw Andre holding a military flag |
After the battle, Napoleon patrolled the battlefield and saw Andre, praised his heroic behavior, and asked him to be treated.
At this time, Andre, who was lying on the ground, looked up at Austerlitz, the benevolent sky, and his heart suddenly became clear, and he realized that everything that Napoleon cared about was so insignificant.
The hero he once had in mind, the vulgar vanity he had, and the joy of victory were so small. Andre concluded:
"Greatness is actually worthless, life is worthless, and death is worthless."
When Andre returned home after being healed from his injury, life, and death were presented in a more dramatic way: his wife died of dystocia, and his son was born.
After several years of a solitary life, the 31-year-old André returned to the social world with Pierre's encouragement. At the time when the second daughter of the Rostov family, Natasha turned 15, participated in the dance for the first time.
Due to the fall of the family and unable to produce a decent dowry, Natasha did not receive any invitations to dance. Pierre, who had always been full of special tenderness for Natasha, asked André to invite her to dance because he was not confident about his appearance.
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| Andre and Natasha |
Andre and Natasha fell in love and asked her to marry him. Due to Andre’s father’s opposition, the wedding date was set one year later. Andre just happened to have an old injury and went abroad to recuperate.
He agreed to get married in one year. During this period, when Natasha received a cold reception from André’s father and sister and felt humiliated, she was lured by Pierre’s brother-in-law Anatoli which almost caused an elopement scandal. The Skies wrote a letter to dissolve the marriage contract.
After returning to China, Andrei was full of grief and anger. Although he knew that Natasha was extremely remorseful, he broke the marriage contract with her out of arrogant self-esteem. For Anatoli, who abducted his fiancée, Andre vowed to kill him if he saw him again.
4. Andre’s answer
In August 1812, the Russian and French armies broke out a tragic battle in the village of Borodino, 125 kilometers outside Moscow. Both sides suffered heavy losses. The French army suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the Russian army suffered about 40,000 casualties.
The direct result was that the Russian army abandoned Moscow and was occupied by the French army. On the surface, it seems that the French army won, but the magic is that from this battle, the Russian army gradually grasped the initiative of the war, and the French army's defeat began.
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| Andre on the battlefield |
The army led by Andre also participated in this battle. As before, he did not take advantage of the friendship between Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov and his father. He did not want to stay in the safe command and general staff.
Instead, he applied to go to the place where the fighting was the fiercest and was calm and calm in the midst of gunfire.
Until a shotgun fell by his side and was once again engulfed by the shadow of death, Andre suddenly penetrated the question of life and death, and his heart was filled with love from the depths of his soul.
This kind of love that doesn't even need a specific object gives him peace and happiness that he has never had before.
After Andrea was seriously injured in the abdomen, he was taken to the rescue station and found that the person lying next to him was Anatoli. The doctor was sawing off one of his injured legs, and the handsome face that had fascinated countless ladies and girls was distorted in severe pain.
Looking at the enemy he swore to kill, Andre didn't have any pleasure, only endless compassion, and even shed tears of sympathy for him.
After finally saving his life, Andrei was transferred to the evacuated team from Moscow. There, he was surprised to meet Natasha. She was so ashamed and desperately begged Andre to forgive her, so there was such a very moving dialogue:
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| Andre and Natasha |
"It's you? I'm so happy!""Forgive me! Please forgive me!""I love you.""forgive me……""Forgive me?""Forgive what I did...thing.""I love you more than before."
After suffering the baptism of death, Andre's love for her was completely awakened. He used to love her to be charming and lively, love her to be innocent and lovely, but now he can deeply understand her pain and regret, and understand the cruelty that his dismissal brings to her. This kind of deeper love has extraordinary redemptive significance for both of them.
While he was dying, the spirit of love that Andre had understood enabled him to completely eliminate the gap between life and death, and even gradually abandon the world, because death is not terrible.
He loves not only his lover, but also his enemy, and often misses Anatoli's safety. In the end, he and Anatoly became part of Borodino's list of deaths.
5. Pierre's rebirth
After the fall of Moscow, most of the nobles in the city had already packed their bags and quickly evacuated with valuables. Pierre, regardless of his huge family business, regarded wealth as a passing moment, and he himself planned to spare his life and kill the heinous Napoleon.
In the burning city fire in Moscow, Pierre risked his life and rushed into the fire to rescue the trapped children; then, in order to protect a Russian girl, he fought against a few unruly French soldiers. Later, outnumbered, he was framed as an arsonist and arrested in a prisoner-of-war camp.
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| Pierre saves the child |
At this time, his goodness of the world, human conscience, and faith in God were all shattered.
In a prisoner-of-war camp, he met Platon, a soldier who was ill and captured. Pierre was surprised by his optimistic attitude. In such harsh conditions, he treats anyone he meets with enthusiasm and kindness and even raises a stray dog with food that is already scarce. He found that Pierre was too hungry, so he generously distributed the potatoes to him.
Pierre was about to devour it. Platon stopped him, then cut the potatoes in half with a knife, and carefully sprinkled them with salt, saying that it was delicious to eat like this. This feeling is quite strange: a pampered noble master, taught by a farmer how to eat elegantly.
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| Platon in a prisoner-of-war camp |
Pierre was greatly shocked by this incident, and he began to reflect on whether he had treated a potato with Platon’s cautious attitude, and even his own life when his conditions were 10,000 times more favorable. ?
During the month-long relationship, Pierre gained from Platon’s simple wisdom, a major inspiration that he had never received from the difficult books and the teachers of Freemasonry.
When the French army retreated, Pierre and the other prisoners of war were forced to follow the march in the severe cold, leaving only a dead end for those who were left behind.
Seeing Platon being shot, he was also in a dangerous situation of unknown life and death. Later, he was rescued by a group of Russian guerrillas. When he returned to the formerly rich and safe environment, he was reborn physically and mentally.
6. True heroism
After the Russian army withdrew from Moscow in September 1812, it launched a mobile war nearby, blocking the French army’s way to the south, threatening the enemy from the side, cutting off its connection with the rear, and at the same time replenishing the army to prepare for a counterattack.
What is more valuable is that in the enemy-occupied areas, the Russian people have extensively carried out guerrilla warfare.
The French army was in a situation where it had run out of ammunition and food. As the severe winter approached, Napoleon tried to go south to find food and a warm shelter and was forced to abandon Moscow on October 19, ending a month-long frenzied plunder.
On the way to retreat, the Russian army and the guerrillas pursued victories, and finally, at the end of December, Napoleon fled back to Paris with 30,000 remnants.
So, where does Tolstoy's influence on the course of history come from?
Hunger from the cold? No, as long as it is distributed reasonably and not looted at will, in Moscow you can get clothes for the whole army for the winter, as well as food and grass for the army for half a year.
The wise leadership of the Russian commander-in-chief Kutuzov? No, no matter whether he stayed alone or retreated to retain his strength, most of his decisions were reprimanded and opposed by Tsar Alexander, let alone the power struggle headed by Chief of Staff Benison.
Mistakes from Napoleon? No, his behavior during this period was not inferior to what he did in Egypt, Italy, Austria, and Prussia. From entering Moscow to exiting Moscow, he issued orders one after another. From military, judicial, diplomatic, and administrative aspects, there were no loopholes in his decision-making.
Obviously, this powerful force can surpass historical puppets such as emperors and commanders. And when you finish reading the book "War and Peace", you will understand in detail or slightly the deeds of more than 500 characters in the book:
This force comes from countless nobles like Pierre, who used a large amount of fortune to recruit and organize militias to encourage domestic slaves to join the army to gain freedom; from countless officers like André, who stay away from the privileged life, Fighting bravely for the motherland without hesitating to sacrifice their precious lives; also from countless women like Natasha, who care about the suffering of the soldiers and serve them as much as they can, preferring to abandon their belongings and vacate the carriage to remove their injuries. Soldiers...
Of course, this force comes from thousands of unknown and unnamed Russian people who either joined the army or formed guerrillas to implement the combat policy of "strengthening the walls and clearing the country" to beat the invaders on the land where they were farming and working.
This great force that can pull the emperor off the horse is morale and even more popular support.
In Tolstoy's view, compared to the so-called "heroes" who are well-known in history, the power of these ordinary people to change the course of history is more able to demonstrate simple heroism, "War and Peace" It is such a magnificent anthem of heroism.
It is worth noting that, in addition to the historical "heroism", Tolstoy also explores personal "heroism" in the book. He used the deeds of André and Platon to make these two come from different classes. The characters came up with the same answer:
True heroism is to still love life after recognizing the truth of life.
Study Notes: War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
Regarding human facial expression, human internal emotions, feelings about oneself, and the world are closely related to the state of the face. And how the facial muscles move can represent their true feelings to a certain extent.
Just as happiness from the heart is very different from a smile deliberately controlled. The human face has 43 muscles. The real Nobel expression involves muscles that are more difficult to control. The easier the muscles to control, the more mediocre and even lower the emotions involved.
Therefore, basically, all low emotions and mean expressions are basically on the lower half of the face, and the expressions related to the spirit and soul must be concentrated on the upper half of the face. Except for the hideous eyes, because the circle of muscles around the eyelids (orbicularis oculi) is the easiest eye muscle to move.
People who do not control the expression of the upper half of the face will only move that part of the eye when they want to exert force. Looks hideous. But without moving that muscle, half of his face is basically stiff, which proves that this person, um, doesn't feel noble, or is out of touch with the body.
For example, for a truly beautiful smile, the eyes must be the brightest part, with the eyes as the focus, from top to bottom, waves ripple to the entire face.
So the following description described by Tolstoy, you can try to simulate it, it will definitely not make you feel good like a smile.
"a sharp twist" is a very incisive description. When I compared the translation of Cao Ying, I missed this point completely. It seems too subjective and mediocre:
Twelve years ago, I didn't understand it. This time, I am very interested to see how Tolstoy can capture the subtle expressions of human faces.
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